现在完成时入门
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现在完成时是英语中的一个重点语法项目，正确掌握它的用法和构成，对我们今后的学习会有很大帮助。下面，我来助你一臂之力吧！
一、用法
1.意义：(1)现在完成时表示过去发生或已完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。也就是说，现在完成时虽与过去有关，但实际上着重的是对现在的影响或结果。例如：
I have bought two new books.
我买了两本新书。（“买”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的结果是：拥有两本新书）
(2)现在完成时还可以表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在， 有可能还会持续下去。例如：
I’ve been here since February.
我从二月份起就在这儿了。（“在”这个动作发生在过去，但一直持续到现在）
2.标志词：与现在完成时连用的常用副词有：already，yet，just， never， ever， before等。例如：
I have already sung this song.
我已唱过这首歌了。
He hasn’t known this news yet.
他还不知道这个消息。
小提示：already，just多用于肯定句中，yet， ever， never多用于疑问句和否定句中。例如：
He has just had his meal.
他刚吃过饭。
Have you ever read this story?
你曾读过这个故事吗？
二、构成
1.肯定式：由“have / has +过去分词”构成。例如：
We have seen that film.
我们已经看过那部影片了。
She has gone home.
她已经回家去了。
小提示：该句式中的have或has是助动词，has用于第三人称单数，其它人称一律用have。译成汉语时，往往用“已经”“过”或“了”等。
2.否定式：由“have / has +not +过去分词”构成。have，has与not可以分别缩写为haven’t， hasn’t。 例如：
He hasn’t come back yet.
他还没有回来。
小提示：现在完成时的否定句末往往加yet，时常译为“还没有……”。
3.一般疑问句：将have/ has提到主语前，简略答语为：“Yes， 主语+ have/ has（肯定回答）” 或“No， 主语+ haven’t / hasn’t（否定回答）”。例如：
―Have you ever made cakes?
―Yes， I have. / No， I haven’t.
――你做过蛋糕吗？
――是的，我做过。/不，我没做过。
―Has she eaten that orange?
―Yes， she has. / No， she hasn’t.
――她吃了那个橘子了吗？
――是的，她吃了。/不，她没吃。
小提示：现在完成时的一般疑问句往往在句末加yet。汉语译为“……过吗？”或“还有……吗？”等。例如：
―Has Jim finished his homework yet?
―No， not yet.
――吉姆完成家庭作业了吗？
――不，还没有。
【配套练习】
Ⅰ. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. I ______ just ______ (finish) my homework.
2. You won’t know if it fits you until you ______ (try) it on.
3. How long ______ you ______ (stay) at home?
4. It’s said that he _______ (be) sent to Australia to improve his English.
5. Tom ______ (marry) for 40 years.
6. Her mother _______ (go) to Shanghai. She ______ (leave) this morning.
7. She ______ (not read) the book before.
8. My sister _______ (walk) to school every day last year.
9. _______ he ______ (wait) for an hour yet?
10. ______ you ______ (know) her since then?
Ⅱ. 同义句转换。
1. Do you have any computers?
_______ you ______ any computers?
2. I have already been here for five years.
I have been here _______ five years _______.
3. Where did you go just now?
Where ______ you ______?
4. I came to this school two weeks ago.
I ______ ______ ______ this school ______ two weeks.
5. The supermarket has been open for three months.
______ three months ______ the supermarket _______.
Ⅲ. 下列各句均有一处错误，请指出并改正。
1. The film has begun for half an hour.
2. How long has he joined the Party?
3. The baby has caught a bad cold since last night.
4. I’m sure that we have seen the film ago.
5. Mr Green has come to this city since 1998.
Ⅳ. 汉译英。
1. 汤姆去过迪斯尼乐园吗？
2. 蒂娜从没去过太空博物馆。
3. 你听说过米老鼠和唐老鸭吗？
4. 你离开学校多久了？
5. 他姐姐去游乐园了。
Key：
Ⅰ.1. have， finished 2. havetried 3. have， stayed 4. has been5. has been married6. has gone， left7. hasn’t read 8. walked 9.Has， waited 10. Have， known
Ⅱ. 1. Have， got2. since， ago 3. have， been4. have been in， for5. It’s， since， opened
Ⅲ.1. has begunhas been on2. joined been in3. has caught has had 4. ago before5. come to been in
Ⅳ.1. Has Tom ever been to the Disneyland?
2. Tina has never been to the space museum.
3. Have you ever heard ofMickey Mouse and Donald Duck?
4. How long have you been away from school?
5. His sister has gone to the amusement park.