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主谓一致是英语语法的核心之一,不仅是高中英语教学及学习的重点和难点,而且还是历年高考的热点之一。由于中西方文化及思维方式的差异,针对中学生学习这一语法结构的现状,本文拟就对主谓一致的考点进行分析归纳,希望可以对同学们学习理解掌握主谓一致能有所帮助。
一、概念解读
He is going abroad.
They are playing football.
二、遵循原则
①语法一致(Grammatical concord)
主语和谓语在“人称”和“数上”一致。
②意义一致(Notional concord)
谓语动词的单复数形式取决于主语的意义。
③就近一致(Principle of proximity)
谓语动词的单复数形式取决于邻近的主语。
三、命题趋势
高考试题对这一语法项目的考点是:名词作主语时的谓语动词形式;分隔情况下,主语和谓语一致;分数、百分数、不定式、动名词作主语时的主谓一致。
四、考点精析
(一)名词作主语
1.形单意复
①集体名词army,class,committee,crowd,enemy,family,staff,team...作主语时,如强调整体谓语动词用单数,如强调个体谓语动词则用复数形式。
②集合名词cattle,folk,majority,people,police,public,youth...作主语时,为谓语动词用复数形式。
③物质名词baggage/luggage,clothing,equipment,scenery...作主语时,为谓语动词用单数形式。
2.形复意单
(1)谓语动词用单数形式
①学科名词及书报名、戏剧名等economics,maths,mathematics,physics,politics...
②专有名词(国名)
The People’s Republic of China is a great country.
③以“s”结尾的不可数名词goods,news,plastics...
(2)成双成对使用的名词chopsticks,clothes,compasses,shorts,stocks,sunglasses,trousers...谓语动词一般用复数(如果被a/this/that/pair of修饰时,则用单数)。
3.单复数同形:aircraft,Chinese,crossroad,deer,fish,headquarters,means,species,works...作主语时,应根据其意义来决定谓语形式。
(二)并列结构作主语
1.由and,both...and...连接并列主语时,其内容是复数时谓语动词一般用复数形式。
注:①当and连接的并列单数主语前若由no,each,every,many a...修饰时,谓语动词要用单数;②当and不表示并列意义时,而连接两个意义上表示同一人、同一物或同一概念以及由两个部件构成的一个物品时则用单数:bread and butter,coffee and milk,salt and water,soda and water...
2.由or,either....or...,neither...nor...,not only....but also...,not...but...连接的并列主语,谓语动词在人称和数上要与最邻近它的主语保持一致,即“就近原则”。
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.
3.主语后有主语的修饰语accompanied by,with,along with,together with,like(像),but(除了),except,besides,as much as,rather than(而不是),including, in addition to...引导的短语时,谓语动词在人称和数上要与主语保持一致,恰好与就近原则相反,为方便记忆不妨将其称为“就远原则”。如,The teacher as well as students was excited.
(三)数量概念作主语
1.当名词词组的中心词为表示度量、时间、距离、价格、金钱、重量、书刊影视名等复数名词(短语)时,往往将其视为一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式(如果强调数量,谓语动词可用复数)。
Ten dollars is enough for him.
One hundred cents make a dollars.
2.“all,a lot of (lots of ),a number of,a part of,half of,most (of),none of,plenty of,some of,the rest(of),a quantity of,varieties of,分数/百分数……+of+名词”构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后“名词”的单复数。The first of the food is to be kept in the refrigerator.
3.由form,kind,part,sort,type等构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of前面名词的单复数。
This kind of apples is highly priced.=Apples of this kind are highly priced.
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(四)不定代词作主语
1.由代词another,either,each(作sbj.时,若表示复数意义时,谓语动词要用复数形式),every one,little,much,no one,neither,the other...及合成代词anybody,anyone,anything,everything,nobody,somebody,something...作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式(若both作主语,谓语动词用复数形式)。如,Each of the students is given one chance only.
2.few,many,most,none,several,some,such,thesame...作主语时谓语动词形式由其所代替的内容决定。如,Most of my classmates work hard.
3..all,none做主语时,代表不可数名词时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词用单数;代表可数名词复数时谓语动词要用复数,None of us are/is perfect.
(五)特殊情况的主语
1.“the+adj./—ed(blind,poor,rich,unemployed,wounded以及最高级…)”结构作主语时,如表示一类可数的人或事物时,谓语动词用复数。
2.There be及其延伸句型中谓语动词使用就近原则。
There is an apple and some oranges on the table.
3.名词性从句,动名词及不定式作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Serving the people is my great happiness.
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(作者单位 云南省红河州元阳县第一中学)