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肺复张对急性呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效观察

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【摘要】目的 观察肺复张对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗效果。方法 观察7例符合美国/欧洲危重症学会诊断标准ARDS早期患者,应用压力控制型呼吸机,在吸氧体积分数为100%条件下,监测血流动力学参数及血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)。肺复张开始时将呼吸机模式调整为压力控制,吸气压力(Pi)=24 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.0981 kPa),呼气末正压(PEEP)10cm H2O,f=50,吸呼比为5∶1。此后,先将PEEP上调至24 cm H2O,Pi上调至45 cm H2O,维持3次吸气再将Pi下调至30 cm H2O,立即查动脉血气。如果PaO2450 mm Hg,认为复张成功。随后,逐渐以2 cm H2O下调PEEP,每次下调后再重复上述步骤,直到PEEP到达某数值时PaO2

【关键词】肺复张;急性呼吸窘迫综合征;血液动力学;血管外肺水;吸气压力;呼气末正压;血气分析;机械通气

Effect of recruitment maneuver on acute respiratory distress syndrome YIN Wen-peng, LI Xiao, WEI Bing, LI Chun-sheng. Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China

Corresponding author:LI Chun-sheng,Email:

【Abstract】Objective To investigate the effect of recruitment maneuver (RM) on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Methods A total of 7 patients with early ARDS were involved in this investigate with pressure-control ventilation of FiO2 = 1. Hemodynamics and extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) were monitored. After airway preparation, the ventilation parameters were adjusted to inspiration pressure (Pi) = 24 cm H2O, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) = 10 cm H2O, frequency (f) = 50, inspiration/expiration (I/E) = 5/1. Up regulated PEEP to 24 cm H2O and Pi to 45 cm H2O for 3 respiration cycles. Then down regulated Pi to 30 cm H2O and had the artery blood gas analysis immediately. If PaO2 < 450 mm Hg, Pi was increased 5 cm H2O above the last one, until PaO2>450 mm Hg, which was considered RM success. Then PEEP was decreased 2 cm H2O and repeated the cycle as formers until PaO2

【Key words】Recruitment maneuver; Acute respiratory distress syndrome;Hemoduynamics;Extravascular lung water index; Inspiration pressure; Positive end expiratory pressure; Blood gas analysis; Mechanical ventilation

大量肺泡塌陷导致肺容积减少、顺应性降低和通气/血流比例失调是急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)典型的病理生理改变,过度和失衡的炎症反应是导致ARDS的根本原因,调控机体炎症反应和以纠正病理生理改变为基础的肺保护性通气策略始终是ARDS的主要研究方向。肺保护性通气是近10多年来ARDS机械通气策略的重大突破,但随机对照试验的大量阴性结果使得肺保护性机械通气策略面临前所未有的争议和挑战,ARDS 的病死率仍高达30%~40%[1-4]。

机械通气是ARDS患者重要的支持治疗手段,增加和维持肺容积是机械通气的重要目标之一,改善呼吸窘迫和低氧血症。常用的肺保护性通气策略包括容量控制和压力控制模式[5],也有专家建议通过增加压力支持和呼气末正压(PEEP)水平来进行肺复张,并且要保持肺开放[6-7],这一点是至关重要的。而肺复张的效果取决于复张方式,以及肺损伤的机制。当然,肺复张也会产生一些不良反应,包括血液动力学不稳定、气压伤等这些不良反应[8-9]。考虑到这些不良反应,对于肺保护性通气策略,肺复张的应用也一直存在争论;而且目前对于ARDS治疗难度大,病死率高。本临床研究通过对ARDS患者进行肺复张,观察其临床效果,为临床应用提供证据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

2011年1月至2012年4月入住北京朝阳医院急诊监护室需行机械通气的ARDS患者7例(其中男性3例,女性4例),年龄(52.2±12.4)岁,APACHE Ⅱ评分(21.6±6.4),ARDS病因均为肺部感染。

入选标准:年龄18~75岁,符合ARDS诊断标准的患者,发病小于3 d。符合美国/欧洲危重症学会ARDS诊断标准:①动脉血氧分压(PaO2)/氧浓度(FiO2)

排除标准:年龄75岁,妊娠,急性心功能不全、肿瘤终末期、神经肌肉病变、严重颅脑外伤及胸腹部外伤不能耐受肺复张的患者。

1.2 患者准备及监测

患者均行气管插管机械通气,并且给予咪唑安定(江苏恩华药业有限公司,批号20120603)充分镇静,将自主呼吸抑制,留置右侧锁骨下或颈内静脉导管,右侧股动脉留置PiCCO导管(Pulsion Medical Systems,德国),监测血液动力学指标(飞利浦MP40监护仪,Philips Medical Systems,德国),包括中心静脉压(CVP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心输出量(CO)、血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)。充分吸痰,将呼吸机(Drager-Evata Ⅳ,德尔格公司,德国)模式调整为压力控制模式,FiO2=1,吸气压力(Pi)=24 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),PEEP= 10 cm H2O,呼吸频率(f)=50,吸呼比=5∶1,先将PEEP上调至24 cm H2O,Pi上调至45 cm H2O,维持3次吸气再将Pi下调至30 cm H2O,立即查动脉血气如果PaO2450 mm Hg,认为复张成功,逐渐以2 cm H2O下调PEEP,每次下调后再重复上述步骤,直到PEEP到达某数值时PaO2

1.3 实验观察及统计学方法

监测每例患者复张压力,维持压力,血气分析,以及血液动力学参数。数据以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,统计学处理采用SPSS 17.0统计软件包,采用单因素方差分析,以P

2 结果

7例(其中男性3例,女性4例),年龄(60.7±8.9)岁,APACHE Ⅱ评分为(21.4±2.8)分,ARDS病因均为重症肺炎。从诊断为ARDS到机械通气的平均时间为(13.5±5.2) h。见表1。

6位患者复张后4 h PaO2较基础PaO2明显增加(P

呼吸机参数和血液动力学参数如表2所示。呼吸变量、血气变化情况以及血液动力学指标,分别在复张前,复张成功时和复张后15 min和复张后2 h。复张压力较基础压力明显增加,复张后在仍然保持高频反比通气的情况下,将FiO2调至60%,可以发现复张后PaO2/FiO2明显升高,MAP,心率无明显差异,对于CO仅在复张即刻有显著下降,其余各时间点无统计学差异。复张后Vt明显降低,与复张后驱动压降低有关,这也是肺保护性通气的一部分;此外复张成功后,EVLWI明显降低。

肺复张后CT较前明显好转,肺泡萎陷较前减少。见图2。

3 讨论

自从肺复张概念提出以来,许多学者对其进行过临床与实验室研究,并在此基础上对其方法进行了多次改进。本研究采取Villagre等[8]提出的方法。相关研究表明,该方法具有临床效果显著,血流动力学影响小,操作简便等特点[10-11]。

通过对于病例的分析可以发现:(1)采用上述方法进行肺复张可以明显提高PaO2 。(2) 尽管给予高的PEEP,但血液动力学并没有恶化;相反,血液动力学指标有所改善。(3)没有出现气压伤。(4)患者都成功治愈。ARDS患者大量肺泡塌陷,肺容积明显减少,是出现呼吸窘迫、低氧血症和肺顺应性明显减少的主要原因。一些研究已经证实肺复张可以显著提高氧和,并且可以改善肺机械功能[12-13]。这有赖于复张后PEEP水平的增加[14]。但是如果复张后PEEP恢复基础状态,则不会有上述的作用。本研究也证实,复张后的患者氧合明显好转[15]。Borge等[16]认为逐步增加吸气压力和PEEP可以获得良好的复张效果。复张之后PEEP水平都较基线水平明显升高。本研究中采用了高频、反比通气主要出现了允许性高碳酸血症,既防止肺过度膨胀,又保证基础的分钟通气量。

近年来,有关肺复张对于心血管系统的影响的研究很多[17-22],肺复张过程中主要的影响是减少心输出量,这种影响在几分钟之内是可逆的,患者甚至可以减少60%心输出量,但患者都可以应用血管活性药来维持血液动力学稳定[22]。大多数情况下,血液动力学的改变是以心输出量降低而没有显著地MAP下降[21-22]。临床上,复张时的血液动力学改变依赖于此时的血容量,以及此时从气道向胸腔传送的压力会导致胸内压升高,回心血量减少,因此会出现CO下降[23-24]。但这种不利的血液动力学影响是短暂的一过性的,所以可以认为肺复张是安全的。然而,当基础血液动力学不稳定,则要先纠正血液动力学指标再进行复张。本研究中有一例正是因为血液动力学不稳定而终止复张,而在成功复张的患者中,虽然存在一过性CO下降,但24 h后CO较基线明显改善。

参考文献

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(收稿日期:2012-12-04)

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2013.04.015

作者单位:100020 北京,首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院急诊科

通信作者:李春盛,Email:

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