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基于语料库的翻译共性研究简述

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摘 要:语料库翻译研究起源于上世纪90年代。Mona Baker 被认为是最早进行语料库翻译学研究的学者。而翻译普遍性研究成果最多,其主要表现为简化,显化及范化等。本文就目前翻译普遍性研究的成果作了简单介绍。

关键词:语料库翻译研究 翻译普遍性 共性特征

翻译共性的研究由来已久,然而语料库方法的出现进一步推进了翻译共性的研究。不同的学者对翻译共性进行了不同的定义。基于语料库翻译研究在翻译共性方面取得了巨大的成就。关于翻译共性,学者们提出的假设有简略化,显化,规范化,整齐化,独特项,集中化等。(王克非,黄立波,2008:10)

1.简略化(Simplification)。

简略化可分为词汇,句法及文体的简化。这些简化趋势表现在:“将下义词替换为上义词;将冗长复杂的句子加以简化;减少重复,省略冗余信息,删减修饰词或短语;出现文化空缺时加以改写等”(胡开宝,2011)。Leviosa被认为运用语料库验证简略化假设的第一人。她通过自建的英语可比语料库(ECC),分析了词汇变化,信息容载及句长验证了翻译文本简略化的特征。并且证实了翻译文本比目的语文本的词汇范围窄;实词与功能词的比率低;且句子平均长度短。肖忠华,戴光荣(2010)也利用自建语料库,通过分析汉语译文的语言特征,证实了汉语译文中实义词和功能词之比均低于原创汉语作品,汉语译文表现出一定程度的简化趋势。肖忠华(2012)研究发现翻译汉语体中简化表现为“语义,词汇,语法和语篇的简化”;语义上的简化表现为词汇力度比较低,信息量比较低;实词比例低,信息量低;反之亦然;词汇简化意味着“高频词重复率更高,翻译体汉语更偏向口语化的词,会重复使用一个词而不是这个词的同义词或近义词”;语篇上的简化“使翻译体汉语读起来更加容易。原创汉语的词汇力度远远高于翻译体汉语的词汇力度。翻译体汉语词汇重复率远远高于原创汉语。”由于篇幅限制,更多信息请参阅肖忠华(2012)。

2.显化(Explicitation)

显化又被称为外显化,明朗化,明晰化等。Shuttleworth&Cowie(1997)认为显化指目标文本使用较为明显的方式呈现源文本的内容,包括通过在目标文本中添加解释性语句及连接词使得译文通顺易解。Baker(1996)则认为“在翻译过程中,当源语文本中有表达不清的地方时,译者往往在译文中会对这些地方加以详细解释”。作为最早对显化进行系统研究的人,Blum-Kulka指出添加解释性的话语及连接成分可能会导致目标文本较源文本更冗长。

此外,肖忠华(2012)通过对翻译体汉语的研究,认为翻译体汉语的简化主要表现为语义上,语法上及逻辑关系层面的明晰化。他认为“翻译体汉语中常用括号和破折号进一步说明句子语义;语法上明晰化主要表现为翻译体汉语更常用一些功能词,代词,介词,结果使得翻译体汉语的句子结构比原创句子更长。逻辑关系层面的明晰化指翻译体汉语中常用一些连接词。”同时他指出,“翻译体汉语基本上支持显化假设”。至于其他语言支不支持显化假设还有待证明。

3.规范化(Normalization)

胡显耀认为规范化指译者在翻译时,有意识或无意识地将原文独特的文本特征转换为目的语的传统文本特征,即消除原文的独特性特征使得译文更符合目的语规范。”(胡显耀,2004)。胡开宝(2009)在对《哈姆雷特》梁实秋译本和朱生豪译本“把”字句频率进行统计后,发现在原创文本和翻译文本的文体一致的前提下,翻译文本倾向于范化。尽管一些学者,如Sonja Tirkkonen-Dondit通过分析影视字幕,证明芬兰语译本没出现范化倾向;但是胡开宝认为“范化是翻译文本固有的特征,翻译文本会在不同程度上表现出范化趋势”(胡开宝:2011:96)。

4.整齐化(Leveling out)

Baker将翻译文本特定语言特征的相似现象称之为整齐化。另一位学者Laviosa(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)分析了报纸上的译文后发现报纸文章的译文在词汇、句法及文体都表现出简略化特征,并且译文在实词与功能词的比率、类符/形符比以及平均句长方面也表现出较高的一致性。雷沛华(2008)也认为翻译文本的某些语言学特征较为相似,并且翻译文本特征的变化小于非翻译文体。

5.独特项假设(Unique Items Hypothesis)

独特项假设是由芬兰学者Tirkknonne-Condit(2000)提出的。他认为独特项假设指一种语言有的形式和功能在该语言的翻译文本中出现的频率较小。对独特项假设的研究较少,望今后能有更多的语料来证实该假设。

6.集中化(Covergence)

胡显耀认为集中化指翻译文本在简略化等翻译普遍性特征上显示出较高的一致性(胡显耀,2004)。即翻译文本中都多少体现出翻译的共性特征。尽管翻译语料库共性研究取得了巨大的进展,但仍然存在一些问题。只有在广泛的文本中证明了以上特征,这些特征才能反过来指导翻译,为翻译理论添砖加瓦。

参考文献:

[1]胡开宝,基于语料库的莎剧《哈姆雷特》汉译文本中“把”字句应用及其动机研究【J】外语学刊,2009

[2]胡开宝,语料库翻译学概论【M】上海交通大学出版社,2011

[3]胡显耀,语料库翻译研究与翻译普遍性【J】华东师范大学外语学院,2004

[4]柯飞,翻译中的隐和显【J】外语教学与研究,2005

[5]雷沛华,基于语料库的翻译普遍性和译者风格研究【J】枣庄学院学报,2008,

[6]肖忠华,基于语料库的翻译研究:以英译汉的汉语译本为例,2012,4,24,讲座内容

[7]肖忠华,戴光荣.寻求“第三语码”――基于汉语译文语料库的翻译共性研究【J】外语教学与研究,2010

[8]王克非,语料库翻译学探索【M】上海交通大学出版社,2012

[9]王克非,黄立波,语料库翻译学十五年【J】中国外语, 2008

作者简介:郭亚楠(1987.7-),女,山西省太原市,汉族,现为外国语言学及应用语言学专业2011级研究生,研究方向为商务英语。