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动词的时态与语态备考要点

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一、考查有时间标志词时,动词时态在特定语境下的运用

In order to find the missing child,villagers _____ all they can over the past five hours.

A. did B. do

C. had done D. have been doing

解析:答案为D。over the past five hours 常与现在完成时或现在完成进行时连用,因此选D。过去完成时表示过去的过去,不符合语境。

The three of us _____ around Europe for about a month last summer.

A. travelled B. have travelled

C. had travelled D. travel

解析:答案为A。last summer表示过去,与一般过去时连用,因此选A。

【备考要点】同学们应熟记下列九种常用时态所对应的时间状语标志词。

1.一般现在时:often,usually,seldom,every day,sometimes,every few years等。

2.现在进行时:now,right now,at present,at this moment,these days,always等。

3.现在完成时:just,recently,lately,up to/till now,so far,by now,ever since,in the recent days等。

4.现在完成进行时:for +一段时间,since +一段时间,over the last few months等。

5.一般过去时:the other day,then,at that time,yesterday,in the past,last night/year等。

6.过去进行时:at that time,at this time yesterday,at 6 p.m. yesterday,all the morning yesterday,then等。

7.过去完成时:before,by the end of last year,since+一段时间,for+一段时间等。

8.一般将来时:tomorrow,next year,in an hour,in the coming / following year,in the(near) future等。

9.将来进行时:this time tomorrow,at 4 o’clock tomorrow afternoon等。

二、考查动词时态的代替用法

“The moment _____ soon,”he thought to himself,waiting nervously.

A. came B. has come

C. was coming D. is coming

解析:答案为D。根据soon很容易断定是将来时。由于这里是直接引语,表示 “来、去、动身、起程等”的谓语动词常用进行时表示将要进行的动作,所以用is coming。

Mum,I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I _____ on Friday.

A. get paid B. got paid

C. have paid D. had been paid

解析:答案为A。根据句意,讲话时pay的动作还未发生,且在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来,I与pay之间是动宾关系,所以选A。

【备考要点】命题者有时会对某些动词时态的代替作用进行考查。常见的考点有:1.在时间、让步或条件等状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时或用现在完成时代替将来完成时。2. 某些表示起始的动词(如begin,come,go,leave,sail等)充当谓语时,常用一般现在时代替一般将来时,此时一般表示按照时刻表或规定等要发生的动作。3.before和after引导的时间状语从句,后发生的动作用过去时,先发生的动作既可以用过去完成时,也可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

三、考查一些固定结构中的动词时态

Close the door of fear behind you,and you _____ the door of faith open before you.

A. saw B. have seen

C. will see D. are seeing

解析:答案为C。该句结构是“祈使句+and+陈述句”。在该结构中,陈述句的谓语动词常用“will/can+动词原形”。

Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he _____ something instead of just talking.

A. will do B. has done C. do D. did

解析:答案为D。在句型“It’s high/very time+that从句”中,从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或“should +动词原形”,因此选D。

【备考要点】同学们应该牢记下列结构:1.Hardly/No sooner had sb. done sth.when/than +从句(一般过去时);2.It / This is / was the first(second...)time + that从句(现在完成时/过去完成时);3.It will be/was + 一段时间+ before从句(一般现在时/一般过去时);4.It’s time + (that)从句(一般过去时或should do);5.主句(现在完成时)+ since从句(一般过去时);6.祈使句+and/or+陈述句(谓语动词常用will/can do)。

四、考查动词时态在主从句中的选择

The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers _____.

A. will leave B. are leaving

C. have left D. were leaving

解析:答案为D。根据主从句时态一致的原则,宾语从句中的谓语动词leave用过去时,而且表达的是“要离去”之意,因此用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。

After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading,only to be told that it _____.

A. was decorated B. had decorated

C. had been decorating D. was being decorated

解析:答案为D。only to be told 表示意外的结果,表明动作已经发生了,其后的宾语从句根据主从句时态一致的原则,用过去的某种时态。结合句意可知,从句谓语动词表示的动作当时正在发生,与it(the reading-room)之间为动宾关系,因此选D。

【备考要点】一般来说,名词性从句的时态常受主句谓语动词的时间的制约,主从句时态应保持一致,但时态一致原则不适用于状语从句和定语从句,同学们应根据句意的需要来选择时态。

五、考查题干只给出情景或为结构较复杂的句子时谓语动词的选择

Kevin,you look worried. Anything wrong?

Well,I _____ a test and I’m waiting for the result.

A. will take B. took C. had taken D. take

解析:答案为B。根据and后的句子可知,and前的分句应是“我参加了一个考试”,因此用一般过去时。

The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he _____ some European partners.

A. would meet B. is meeting

C. meets D. had met

解析:答案为D。根据句中is said to have arrived可知,arrive这个动作是在过去发生的,而meet的动作则在arrive的动作之前发生,即在过去的过去发生的动作,因此用过去完成时,选D。

【备考要点】同学们在做动词的时态与语态考题时,不仅要充分挖掘关键词,寻找题干中或隐或现的时间,还要能够辨别时间状语的干扰。

(责任编校 彭益)