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软骨细胞中内质网应激信号通路的研究进展

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[摘要]内外环境多种刺激均可导致内质网中未折叠蛋白的积聚,引起细胞内的应激反应,改变细胞的功能和存活状态,这个过程称为内质网应激(ERS)。软骨细胞是关节软骨内唯一的细胞成分,低糖性损伤、白细胞介素-1β和一氧化氮以及一些药物均能使其发生ERS。ERS可引发蛋白激酶R样内质网调节激酶(PERK)、肌醇需酶(IRE)1和活化转录因子(ATF)6三条主要的信号通路构成未折叠的蛋白反应(UPR)。UPR中多种信号分子对软骨细胞的生长、程序性死亡以及软骨的炎症都有重要的影响,本文就ERS信号通路机制、PERK信号通路、IRE1信号通路和ATF6信号通路等研究进展作一综述。

[关键词]内质网应激;未折叠蛋白反应;软骨细胞

[中图分类号]Q 51[文献标志码]A[doi]10.3969/j.issn.1673-5749.2012.06.015

Research progress on endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathways in chondrocytesWen Juan, Li Huang.(Dept. of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China)

[Abstract]The endoplasmic reticulum is susceptible to various stresses that provoke the accumulation of unfolded proteins in it, inducing stress response in cells, and altering the growth and function of cells. This is the endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS). ERS will happen in chondrocytes, the only cells in cartilage, after exposing to glucose deprivation, interleukin-1β, nitric oxide and some drugs. ERS triggers an evolutionarily conserved series of signal transduction events, which constitutes the unfolded protein response(UPR). The three major transducers of the UPR are inositol-requiring(IRE)1, protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase(PERK), and activating transcription factor(ATF)6. They trigger major signal pathways of UPR, which affect the growth, apoptosis of chondrocytes and the inflammation of cartilage. Advances in the research into ERS, PERK, IRE1 and ATF6 signal pathways are reviewed in this article.

[Key words]endoplasmic reticulum stress;unfolded protein response;chondrocyte!!!!内质网是细胞内的一个精细的膜系统,在细胞生长、存活和功能行使方面起着重要的作用。内质网主要影响细胞内蛋白质分泌、脂质合成和钙离子平衡等生理过程[1-2]。内外环境中多种刺激,例如组织低氧、氧化还原损伤、高脂饮食、低糖血症、蛋白质包涵体和病毒性感染等均可引起内质网中未折叠蛋白积聚,从而导致细胞内的应激反应,这个过程称为内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)。ERS可以引发一系列的信号转导,构成未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR)。起初,这些信号转导能缓解内质网中未折叠蛋白的积聚,帮助细胞适应外界刺激;但是随着UPR的加剧或时间延长,则会引起程序性细胞死亡。ERS影响着多种疾病的发生发展,例如阿尔兹海默症、帕金森病、糖尿病和骨关节炎等[3-5]。

由于内质网是细胞内蛋白质转运的主要细胞器,所以在一些分泌性蛋白质的细胞内例如分泌抗体的浆细胞和分泌胶原的造骨细胞,ERS的作用更为显著。软骨细胞即为此种类型的细胞,它主要负责合成和转运细胞外基质分子[6]。低糖性损伤、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β和一氧化氮以及一些药物例如衣霉素(tunicamycin,TM)和毒胡萝卜素(thapsigargin,TG)均能引起软骨细胞内的ERS[7-8],促成一系列信号转导,对细胞的存活及程序性死亡产生影响。

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