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as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别

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在教学实践中,尤其在批改作文中笔者发现,有的学生对as与which引导限制性定语从句的用法模棱两可,含混不清。下面从两者的用法区别展开说明,以便正确地使用。

1. 从指代的异同来说,as指代整个句子;which指代整个句子或者主句中的某个成分。如:

She is not unconscious,as can be judged from her eyes.她并未失去知觉,这从她的眼睛里可以看出。(as指代整个句子)

Mother always asked him to study hard,which helped him a lot. 他妈妈总是让他刻苦学习,这一点对他帮助很大。(which指代整个句子)

The house, which was built fifty years ago, stood still in the earthquake. 这所建造于50多年前的房子,在地震中依然耸立着。(which指代具体的先行词)

2. 就主句与从句的位置关系来说,as引导的从句可放在主句的前面或者主句的后面;which引导的从句只能放在主句的后面。如:

As everybody knows, knowledge is power. 众所周知,知识就是力量。

Knowledge is power, as everybody knows.众所周知,知识就是力量。

Knowledge is power, which is accepted widely all over the world.知识就是力量,这一点世界公认。

3. 从意义上来说,as意为“正如,像,由……而知”; which意为“这就使得,这一点”。如:

He is a great hero, as is described in the report.正如在报道中描述的一样,他是一个伟大的英雄。

Her role in the performance was spoken highly of, which made her proud.她在表演中的角色受到高度表扬,这使她很欣慰。

4. 从句式上来说,as只能用于肯定句(意料之中的);which可用于肯定句或者否定句(出乎意外的)。如:

He failed the exam this time,as/which we had expected. 他这次考试没及格,正如我们所预料的/这一点我们已经预料到了。

He failed the exam this time,which we hadn’t expected. 他这次考试没及格,这一点我们没想到。

5.从是否可以省略be动词来说,as从句be动词可以省略;which从句be动词不可以省略。如:

As (was) planned, we met at the school gate.按照计划,我们在校门口相见。

Jane told me she won the match, which was a lie.简告诉我说她赢了这场比赛,这是个谎言。

6. 从关系代词前是否有介词来说, as前不能有介词;which前可以有介词。如:

We lost many chances,to which we paid little attention.我们失去了很多机会,这些机会我们基本没有留意到。

I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I saved.我买了很多书,这些书花光了我所有的积蓄。

The book is very interesting,as most readers say.正如大多数读者所说的那样,这本书很有趣。

There was a bookstore around here, as I remember.我记得过去这儿附近有一家网吧。

注意:在图表或者看图作文中,经常用as引导的定语从句。下面总结了一些常用结构,以飨读者。

As can be seen from the picture, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.正如我们从图上所看到的那样,大洋占了地球的70%还多。

As the above pictures show, students in my class have different dreams for their future.如上图所示,我们班同学对自己的未来有着不同的梦想。

As is known to us all, the whole world is facing a severe water shortage because of the growing population and our waste of water. 众所周知,由于人口的不断增长和人类的浪费,全世界正面临严重的水资源缺乏问题。

As may be imagined, what matters is not that we are growing older but our attitude towards life.可以想象得出,起作用的不是我们慢慢变老,而是我们对生活的态度。

As has been pointed out, it is high time for us all to take quick action to protect water resources.正如所指出的这样,现在正是我们采取行动保护水资源的时候了。

As has been pointed out, only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings.正如所指出的这样,只有用这种方法,我们才能生活在一个舒适和美丽的环境中。

以上是通过例句的形式,分析了as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别。在平时的学习中留意收集由这两个词引导的非限制性定语从句,总结归纳,发现规律,灵活掌握其用法。

(作者单位:肇庆中学)

责任编校 蒋小青