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运用话轮交替分析《茶花女》的人物性格

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摘要:本文运用会话分析中的话轮交替模式来分析Alexandre Dumas ills的剧本《茶花女》第九章的一段对话,展示戏剧中人物性格。本文中具体分析话轮交替机制主要包括的三个方面,即话轮分配、话轮分布和话轮序列。

关键词:会话分析;话轮交替 ;话轮分配; 话轮分布 ;话轮序列

话轮(turn)是Sack等提出的理论概念,Edmondson,W.(1981)用这个术语来表示两个方面的意义:一是指在会话过程中的某一时刻称为说话者的机会;二是指一个人作为讲话者时所说的话。在刘虹的《会话结构分析》里提出了两个衡量话轮的标准:一是,说话者是否连续,即在一个语法语义完成序列的末尾有无沉默。如有沉默,那么说话者的话就不止一个话轮。二是,是否发生了说话者和听话者的角色互换。如果发生,就标志着一个话轮的结束和下一个话轮的开始。话轮分配(tunallocation)指的是说话者机会的分配,Sack认为,话轮交替可以通过两种方式实现。第一种方式是正在说话者选择下一个说话者:第二种方式是下一个说话者自我选择获得发言权。说话者机会的分配以及说话的长短取决于说话者与听者在话轮交替模式,由此产生了话轮分布(turn distribution)。话轮序列(turn seuences)是指会话中形成的话轮之间前后呼应的序列关系。《茶花女》是著名法国作家Alexandre Dumasfils写于20世纪《茶花女》是著名法国作家Alexandre Dumas fils写于20世纪的小说。我们将选取其中第九章的一段对话进行分析,对话中出现5个人物:Marguerite,她的情人Armand,她的仰慕者Count,以及Gaston和Prudence。最后两者在对话中明显不重要。

T1 Marguerite:Good evening.my dear Gaston,I'm so glad to see you.Why didn't you come to my box at the Varietes?’

T2 Gaston:1 was afraid of being indiscreet.

T3 Marguerite:Friends.friends can never be indiscreet.

T4 Gaston:In that case.allow me to present Monsieur Armand DuvalI

T5 Marguerite:I've already given Prudence leave to do so

T6 Armand:I should Derhaps say,madam,I have already had the honor of being introduced to you.I am grateful that you have forgotten that first meeting,for I behaved quite ridiculously and must surely have seemed very tiresome to yon.It was two years ago,at the Opera―Comique;I was with Ernest de…

T7 Marguerite:AhI Now I remember~It wasn"t that you were ridiculous.but 1 who was a tease.As I still am rather,though less so nowadays.Have vou forgiyen me?It’s true.The fact is that I have this awful habit of wanting to embarrass people I see for the first time.It,8 very silly.My doctor says it's because l am highlystrung and always unwell:you must take my doctor's word for it.

T8 Armand:But you look extremely well.

T9 Marguerite:Oh!I've been very i11.

T10 Armand:I know.

T11 Marguerite:Who told you?

T12 Armand:Everyone knew.I often used to come to findout how you were,and 1 was very happy to learn of your convalescence.

T13 Marguerite:No one ever brought me your card.

T14 Armand:I never left one.

T15 Marguerite:Are you the young man who called every day to ask after me all the time 1 was ill。and would never leave his name?

T16 Armand:I am.

T17 Marguerite:Then you are more than kind,you are generous.You,Count。would never have done that.

T18 Count:I have known you for only two months.

T19 Marguerite:And this gentleman has known me for onlyfive minutes.You always give the silliest answers.

T20 Armand:You were playing something when we arrived.Won't you give me the pleasure of treating me like aD old friend,and continue?

T21 Marguerite:Oh!Gaston knows exactly what my playing is like.It’s all very well when I'm alone with the Count.but I shouldn't wish to put you through such torture.

T22 Count:So you do favour me in this respect?

T23 Marguerite:You are quite wrong to reproach me for doing so.It"s the only time I ever favour you in anything.Tell me。Prndence,did you do what I asked?

T24 Pmdence:Yes.

T25 Marguerite:Good,you shall tell me all about it later.We have things to talk about,so you mustn't go until Fve spoken to you.

T26 Armand:I think we are intruding.and now tllat we or rather I have managed a second introduction to expunge the

memory of the first.Gaston and Iwill withdraw。

T27 Marguerite:1 won't hear of it:what I said wasn't intended for you.On the contrary,I'd like you to stay.

T28 Count:Time 1 was going to the club.(Marguerite did not reply to this.)Good―bye,madam.

F29 Marguerite:Good―bye,my dear Count,must you go so soon?

T30 Count:Yes.IfearI bore vou.

T3l Marguerite:You do not bore me toda~r more than any other day.When shall we see you again?

T32 Count:Whenever you permit.

T33 Marguerite:Good―bye,then!

一、 话轮分配

Marguerite不断地通过提问的形式来选择下一个说话者。在这段文本里,她三次选择Armand(T11,T13,T15),三次选择Count(T17,T29,T31),一次选择Gaston(T1),一w选择Prudence(T23)。如果我们把这些数字与Marguerite在这段文本里的话轮总数相比,就会发现在17个话轮里,她8次选择了下一个说话人。这个相当高的比例说明Marguerite是会话中最主动的参与者。AImand在被选择的时候总是接过话头的,不过他的回应往往非常短,而且他也从不选择下一个说话人。这可能会使他在会话中显得比较消极。然而,他仅仅是在回应时是消极的,一旦他觉得有必要时,他会以提出请求的形式,自我选择夺得发言权。他多次自我选择(T6,T20,T26)以吸引Marguerite的注意力。真正消极的Count,他只有在被选择的时候才开口说话,他的唯一一次插话(T28)没有得到任何回应。这样就形成了三个人物各具特点的局面:Marguerite不断选择下一个说话者,Arrnand经常自我选择,Count既不选择下一个说话者,也极少自我选择。

话轮分布与话轮长度。(从文本中不难看出,话轮分布是极不平衡的。Count所占有的话轮数为5,不足总数33的六分之一,而Marguerite的话轮数为17,占去了总数的一半。然而,控制话语分配权除了依靠话轮数以为还受话轮长度控制。Marguerite的话轮长度为333词,Armand和Count的话轮长度分别为140词和34词。Marguerite控制发言权的时间显然比Armand和Count两个人物都要长得多。Armand和Count的平均话轮长度少于话轮总长度524词的三分之一,而Marguerite的话轮长度却超出总长度的一半。这说明,Marguetite由于其所占有的话轮在数量和话轮长度的优势而处于中心地位。此外,Armand和Count的说话对象都是Marguelite,而他们两人之间却并没有直接对话,所以Marguerite是对话的中心。对话中还有一次打断(T7),Margueiite打断了Armand,其他人总是等待话轮转换。

二、 话轮序列

由于Marguetite总是通过提问来选择其他说话人,而Armand通过自我选择的方式是提出请求,我们可以通过分析文本中提问和请求的相邻关系来展示这段文本中话轮序列的特点。

Marguerite的问题总能得到预期的回答(T1,T2,T11,T12,13,T14,T15,T16,T23,T24,T29,T30,T31,T32)。虽然Annand的问题能够得到回答,但他的自我介绍曾被Marguerite打断(T7)。而Count的情况甚至更糟。由rI.28可见,(~ount的本意是想吸引Marguerite的注意然后开始一个新的相邻关系。也就是说,按照话轮序列,他没有得到预期的回答。

以上分析表明,在这段对话中,话轮的序列关系往往被打破,使对话难以按照AIrnand和Count的意愿顺利和谐地展开。

三、结论

Marguerite惯用的会话方式显示出她是一个比较以自我为中心的人。幸好,其他人都想继续和她的谈话。所以:Marguerite不断地选择下一个说话者,而且她运用话轮转换,不但控制着谁接替话轮,还在某种程度上支配着下一个说话者在应对时是被选择还是自我选择。此外,只有Marguerite打断了他人的发言。这可以证明:Marguerite是一个比较有控制欲的人。虽然AITnand总在被选择的时候才接过话头的而且他的回应往往非常短,但他能通过自我选择成为下一个说话者来吸引Marguerite的注意。而这种举动也得到了Marguerite的回应,这说明在首次正式介绍后MarKuerite对他留下了很好的印象。而Marguerite对Coun!.的忽视则说明在她心中他是并不重要。