金色布拉格
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布拉格位于欧洲中部的波希米亚平原上,跨拉贝河支流伏尔塔瓦河两岸。传说捷克的第一位女领主里普谢公主站在伏尔塔瓦河西岸悬崖上,遥望森林密布的对岸,说要在那里建一座与星辰同辉的城市。果然布拉格依山傍水,是世界上最漂亮的城市之一,尤其是深秋时节,全城为金黄色树叶所覆盖,因而被誉为“金色布拉格”。
一眼望去,这个原名为“波希米亚”的美丽城市到处是尖塔耸立,建筑物密集而不杂乱,色彩华丽,造型繁复。它另有一个“百塔之城”的美名,实非虚传。
历史上此城曾是奥匈帝国的一部分,素有“中世纪宝石”之称,第一次世界大战时,当地守军不战而降,得以保存此城,免于战火之洗礼。由于这一“投降”之抉择处理得宜,今日来自世界各国的观光客才能了解建筑史上的许多名词:罗马式、歌德式、文艺复兴式、巴洛克式、洛可可式。因为1000多年来几乎西方所有建筑形式都保存在这里,所以布拉格城内一步一景,均具有历史故事和浪漫的美感,整座城市犹如一部活的历史书、一座活的建筑博物馆。
布拉格分老城区、新城区、城堡区、小城区4部分。市内罗马式、哥特式、文艺复兴式、巴罗克式建筑鳞次栉比,国家重点保护的历史文物即达2000多处。许多古建筑上高塔攒聚。宏伟壮观的圣维特教堂、金碧辉煌的布拉格宫、艺术杰作查理大桥、古老悠久的查理大学⋯⋯代表了布拉格辉煌的历史,也使游客乐不思蜀。
老城区从18世纪起就没怎么变化过。伏尔塔瓦河弯包裹了大部分古城。城堡高高耸立在河的西岸,俯视着整个城市。城堡里有一座高高的尖塔,非常显眼,塔身上绘满了美丽的图案。老城很小,大约15分钟就可以走遍,但是的确非常有味道。老建筑互相依偎着,每幢房子都有自己的颜色,组合在一起就像童话世界里的小镇般妩媚。
古朴典雅的布拉格城堡雄踞于市中心一座山冈之上,自公元10世纪起,经过几百年扩建而成。由圣维特大教堂及众多宫殿组成的建筑群,高低错落,气象万千。远望城堡,乳黄色的楼房,铁灰色的教堂,淡绿色的钟楼,白色的尖顶,构成一幅美丽的图画。
城堡建于9世纪,是波希米亚皇帝的官邸。自1918年捷克斯洛伐克共和国成立以来,历届的总统办公室均设在城堡内,故又称“总统府”。现仍为捷克共和国总统府所在地。
这里有罗马式、哥特式、巴洛克式、文艺复兴式等各个历史时代风格的建筑。城堡内有教堂、王宫、画廊、大厅、喷泉、塑像等各种著名建筑。
圣维特教堂是建筑群的核心。教堂始建于1344年,是城堡的最高建筑物。教堂顶尖高达97米,长60米,宽12米,远望巍然拔地而起,塔尖高触苍穹;近处细看教堂大厅结构精巧,内外都有塑像和花纹。教堂里收藏着捷克国王从14世纪以来沿用的王冠和权杖;陈列着国王的塑像和画像,悬挂着许多油画和木刻画,每幅画都描绘一个有趣的宗教故事。教堂外表布满花纹图案,刻工细腻,精巧玲珑,数不清的石雕,造型美妙,千姿百态,栩栩如生。
查理大桥横跨伏尔塔瓦河,是捷克最古老的一座石桥,始建12世纪,1357年查理四世改建后用现名。桥面为砖石所砌,桥的两端耸立着哥特式门楼。更为珍贵的是桥两侧石栏杆上有30座雕像,有的是女神,有的是武士,有的人面兽身,有的兽面人身,是捷克早期巴罗克艺术大师们的作品。查理大桥不仅具有历史价值,而且极富艺术价值,是布拉格最有名的名胜。
布拉格民族剧院位于伏尔塔瓦河东岸,是捷克民族艺术的发源地。这座文艺复兴式建筑气势雄伟壮观。它的金色方顶闪闪发光。方顶四周的雕刻出自名家之手。正门的青铜铸像“胜利女神”驾驭着骏马凌空飞驰,其建筑、雕刻和绘画艺术是捷克古典艺术的结晶。
布拉格古钟安放在老市政厅钟楼上,它不仅是计时工具,而且是一件珍贵的古代艺术品。钟盘右侧是白骷髅死神和怀抱古琴的乐神,左侧是对着铜镜自我欣赏的虚荣之神和抓住钱袋不放的吝啬鬼。
布拉格也是欧洲的文化重镇之一,历史上曾有音乐、文学等诸多领域众多杰出人物,如作曲家莫扎特、斯美塔那、德沃夏克,作家弗兰兹・卡夫卡、哈维尔、米兰・昆德拉等人在该城进行创作活动。今天这里仍保持了浓郁的文化气氛,拥有众多的歌剧院、音乐厅、博物馆、美术馆、图书馆、电影院等文化机构,以及层出不穷的文化活动。
Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Situated on the Vltava River in central Bohemia, Prague has been the political, cultural and economic centre of the Czech state for more than 1100 years. For many decades during the Gothic and Renaissance eras, Prague was the permanent seat of two Holy Roman Emperors and thus was also the capital of the Holy Roman Empire.
Since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites, making the city one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe, receiving more than 4.1 million international visitors annually, as of 2009.
Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Prague has become one of Europe's (and the world's) most popular tourist destinations. It is the sixth most-visited European city after London, Paris, Rome, Madrid and Berlin. Prague suffered considerably less damage during World War II than some other major cities in the region, allowing most of its historic architecture to stay true to form. It contains one of the world's most pristine and varied collections of architecture, from Art Nouveau to Baroque, Renaissance, Cubist, Gothic, Neo-Classical and ultra-modern. Some popular sights include, the Old Town with its Old Town Square, the Astronomical Clock (Orloj) on Old Town Square, the picturesque Charles Bridge (Karlův Most), the vaulted Gothic Old New Synagogue of 1270, the New Town with its busy and historic Wenceslas Square, Malá Strana (Lesser Quarter) with its Infant Jesus of Prague, Prague Castle with its St. Vitus Cathedral, and so forth.
There are hundreds of concert halls, galleries, cinemas and music clubs in the city. Prague hosts Music Festivals including the Prague Spring International Music Festival, the Prague Autumn International Music Festival and the Prague International Organ Festival. Film festivals include the Febiofest, the One World and Echoes of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. Prague also hosts the Prague Writers' Festival, the Summer Shakespeare Festival [20], the Prague Fringe Festival, the World Roma Festival as well as hundreds of Vernissages and fashion shows.
Many films have been made at the Barrandov Studios. Hollywood movies set in Prague include Mission Impossible and Blade II and xXx. Other Czech films shot in Prague include Empties and The Fifth Horseman is Fear. Also, the music video to "Diamonds from Sierra Leone" by Kanye West was shot in Prague, and features shots of the Charles Bridge and the Astronomical Clock, among other famous landmarks. Prague was also the setting for the film "Dungeons and Dragons" in 2000.
Prague sites many buildings by renowned architects, including Adolf Loos (Villa Müller), Frank O. Gehry (Dancing House), or Jean Nouvel (Golden Angel).