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摘 要:自2012年,河北省英语高考试题开始使用新课标试卷,阅读理解中的七选五成为阅读理解的一部分,很多学生在解题过程中遇到各种各样的麻烦,笔者根据具体的教学实际情况,经过分析总结,掌握了一些可操作的教学方法,愿意与同仁共享。
关键词:解题策略;解题步骤;摒弃不良的阅读习惯
一、阅读理解考纲要求
最新《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》对考生阅读能力的考查要求中规定:要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等,并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能:
(1)理解主旨和要义,以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节;
(2)理解文中的具体信息,既能理解具体的事实,也能理解抽象的概念;
(3)根据材料所提供的信息,通过上下文推断生词的词义;
(4)根据材料所提供的信息,根据中学生应有的知识正确做出判断和推理;
(5)理解文章的基本结构,能理解某句、某段的含义,并能把握全篇的文脉,并以此进行推理判断。既能理解表面的含义,也要理解深层次含义;
(6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
二、七选五题型分析
(1)七选五符合新《英语课程标准》中“提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”的要求和最新《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》中“理解文章的基本结构,能理解某句、某段的含义,并能把握全篇的文脉,并以此进行推理判断。既能理解表面的含义,也要理解深层次含义”的要求。
(2)侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。与同样要求考生补全文章的完形填空题不同的是,完形填空着重要求考生在单词层面进行操作,考生要考虑的是单词的精准词义;而七选五要求学生考生在句子层面进行操作,从一个更高的角度上对篇章的整体逻辑结构进行把握。这必然要求学生摆脱以往以点带面、一叶障目的阅读习惯,从把握文章的结构特点、把握篇章的逻辑关系发展入手,建立起整个文章的全局观念,才能判断在文章的什么位置要求出现什么样的句子。
(3)题材新颖,紧跟时代,对考生的阅读理解能力的考查更加全面、真实和公平。七选五体现了对考生能力方面更高的要求,即从客观选择到主观排查、从被动接受到主动分析、从部分了解到全局掌控,从学习知识到实践运用。考生要及时通过练习磨练自己的上述能力,才能在高考中立于不败之地。
三、解题点拨
(一)基本知识
(1)分析文章结够, 把握全篇文脉是七选五题型解题的关键。英语的语篇通常是由句子和语段构成的, 语段是句子和语篇之间的中间层次,句子虽然能够单独地表达相对完整的思想,但是它不能表达多方面的、比较复杂的思想,只有把几个句子结合为较大的言语片段,才能表达一个相对独立的层意,所谓的“积句而成章,积章而成篇”就是这个道理。
(2)认真分析文章层次。文章的层次包含两种形式:一种是分析整篇文章的层次,即段落。另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次,也就是语段层次。语段是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式。段落是在某些语体(如记叙文、议论文)中比语段更大的意义单位构成,较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子。一般来说,一个段落通常由几个语段构成。
(3)了解语段的构成方式。语段的构成方式有两种,一是靠句际间意义的结合,二是靠句际间的关联词、逻辑性插入语来连接。我们在分析语段层次时,可以借助句际间的连接词语做出判断,但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系,把握作者的思路,理清层次。好文章的层次非常清晰,只要层层入手,就能读懂文章。
(二)解题策略
(1)理清句际间意义的关系。文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成,各个层次、各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致,它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的,各句之间都有一定的语脉,从逻辑意义上来看,语段的句际关系可分为并列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。因此,理解阅读材料时一定要把握语脉,理清句际间的关系,进而理解语段或全文的内容。
(2)找出句子之间的连接性词语。文章的语句间的组合,除了从语句间的意义关系分析外,还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握。常用的连接性词语有以下这些:
*承接关系:so, therefore, thus, as a result等;
*并列关系:first, second, third…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…; to begin with, to conclude等;
*层递关系:also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, not…but…, not only…but also…等;
*转折关系:however, nevertheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, on the contrary, otherwise等。
(3)段落标题或主题句的确定。段落标题或主题句是段落内容的简短概括,精练是它的核心。为使语句短小而生动醒目, 所使用的词语和句子必须压缩到最精炼的程度。因此,段落标题或主题句使用的是概括性语言,短小精悍。
(三)解题步骤
(1)通读整篇文章,把握文章文脉,理出文章的中心。
(2)将所有句子按意义分出层次,再分析各层次之间的关系。
(3)通读各选项,理解各选项所表达的意义。
(4)再次通读文章,选出合适的选项。
(5)将选项代入短文中,看全篇文章是否连贯、通顺,内容是否清晰,前后意思是否矛盾,所选的选项是否符合文章的语境,逻辑关系是否正确。
四、常见误区
注意摒弃一些不良的阅读习惯以顺利完成阅读,避免进入误区。常见的误区有:
(1)逐字照读。有些同学在阅读时习惯于读出声音来,还有的虽然双唇不动,但也在心里逐字默读。这种阅读法的弊端是将阅读速度降低至朗读速度。阅读时,要学会用“心”去阅读,努力追求“一目十行,心领神会”的境界。
(2)重复阅读。有的同学读了一段文字后又将视线自觉或不自觉地返回到开头,甚至会数次重复阅读,从而使其阅读速度大幅度下降。 要学会边读边思考,及时调整阅读思路,防止分心走神。
(3)阅读过程中查阅生词。这点尤为忌讳,不仅使速度降低,更糟的是,由于思考被打断,查好生词后已忘记了语篇的前后内容,不利于句子与文章的整体把握。那么,在阅读中碰到生词该怎么办?在高考当中首先要做好心理准备,肯定会有生词出现,但是这个生词一般来说不会影响同学对全文的理解, 真的碰到了生词也可以结合下文,猜出大意。即使猜不出它的意思,也不会完全影响理解。
总之,做好此类题绝非一蹴而就,而应经过长时间大量有质量的阅读训练,这样才能突破阅读关。此外,在阅读中,词汇和语法知识会不断复现,这都有助于加深印象,牢固掌握已学知识。简而言之,只要大量持久地坚持阅读,在高考前突破这种新题型并非难事。
例如:
Passage A (2012年新课标)
Kids’ health: Four steps for fighting stress
Everybody gets stressed from time to time. 71 Some ways of dealing with stress―like screaming or hitting someone―don’t solve much. But other ways, like talking to someone you trust, can lead you to solving your problem or at least feeling better.
Try taking these four steps the next time you are stressed:
(1) Get support. When you need help, reach out to the people who care about you. Talk to a trusted adult, such as a parent or other relatives. 72 They might have had similar problems, such as dealing with a test, or the death of a beloved pet.
(2) Don’t take it out on yourself. Sometimes when kids are stressed and upset they take it out on themselves. Oh, dear, that’s not a good idea. Remember that there are always people to help you. Don’t take it out on yourself. 73 .
(3) Try to solve the problem. After you’re calm and you have support from adults and friends, it’s time to get down to business. 74 Even if you can’t solve it all, you can solve a piece of it.
(4) Be positive. Most stress is temporary (暂时的). Remember stress does go away, especially when you figure out the problem and start working on solving it.
These steps aren’t magic, but they do work. And if you can stay positive as you make your way through a tough time, you’ll help yourself feel better even faster. 75
A. Ask for a helping hand to get you through the tough situation.
B. Notice your friends’ feelings and find a way to help them.
C. Different people feel stress in different ways.
D. Ah, it feels so good when the stress is gone.
E. You need to figure out what the problem is.
F. And don’t forget about your friends.
G. Then, find a way to calm down.
【语篇解读】每个人在生活中都会时不时地遇到压力,本文教你如何解决压力的方法。文章由提出问题到提供解决压力问题的方法。
71. C. 解析:根据后文可知,不同的人减压的方式不同,是因为他们感到压力的方式不同,故选C项。本题考查语境理解和主题句。
72. F. 解析:前文提到和你信赖的人谈话 “Talk to a trusted adult, such as a parent or other relatives.” ;减压求助的另一种方式就是向朋友求助。这里的parent,relatives和friends是并列关系,故选F。本题考查上下文的语境理解。
73. A. 解析:根据前文的中心句“Don’t take it out on yourself”可知,有了压力和心情郁闷的时候,不要一个人扛着,应该向别人求助,故选A。本题考查上下文的语境理解。
74. E. 解析:根据后文, “Even if you can’t solve it all, you can solve a piece of it” 可知,即使你不能解决所有的问题,但你可以解决一部分,你应该知道前文的问题是什么,故选E。本题考查上下文的语境理解。
75. D. 解析: 由全文提出问题到提出解决方法再到解决问题的顺序,以及最后一段“they do work”和“you will help yourself feel better even faster”可知D为最佳选项。本题考查上下文的语境理解。
Passage B (2011年新课标)
Money Matters
Parents should help their children understand money. 71 So you may start talking about money when your child shows an interest in buying things, candy or toys, for example.
1. The basic function of money
Begin explaining the basic function of money by showing how people trade money for goods or services. It’s important to show your child how money is traded for the thing he wants to have. If he wants to have a toy, give him the money and let him hand the money to the cashier (收银员). 72 When your child grows a bit older and understands the basic function of money, you can start explaining more complex ways of using money.
2. Money lessons
Approach money lessons with openness and honesty. 73 If you must say no to a child’s request to spend money, explain, “You have enough toy trucks for now.” Or, if the request is for many different things, say, “You have to make a choice between this toy and that toy.”
3. 74
Begin at the grocery store. Pick out two similar brands of a product―a name brand butter and a generic (无商标产品), for example. You can show your child how to make choices between different brands of a product so that you can save money. 75 If he chooses the cheaper brand, allow him to make another purchase with the money saved. Later, you may explain how the more expensive choice leaves less money for other purchases.
A. Wise decisions.
B. The value of money.
C. Permit the child to choose between them.
D. Tell your child why he can―or cannot―have certain things.
E. Ask yourself what things that cost money are most important to you.
F. Talk about how the money bought the thing after you leave the toy store.
G. The best time to teach a child anything about money is when he shows an interest.
【语篇解读】如何正确引导孩子对金钱的态度,是父母必做的一项功课。父母要通过日常生活中的一些细节来引导孩子进行明智的储蓄和消费。
71. G. 解析:根据后一句 “so you may start talking about money when your child shows an interest in buying things, candy or toys, for example.”可知答案为G项。本题考查上下文的语境理解。
72. F. 解析:根据前一句 “If he wants to have a toy, give him the money and let him hand the money to the cashier.”可知,接下来讲述的是离开玩具店的情况,故选F项。本题考查上下文的语境理解。
73. D. 解析:根据下一句“If you must say no to a child’s request to spend money, explain, ‘You have enough toy trucks for now.’” 以及后一句 “if the request is for many different things, say, ‘You have to make a choice between this toy and that toy.’” 可知答案为D项。
74. A 解析:根据下段内容,可知此处小标题讲的是父母在帮助孩子购物时教给孩子的一些明智的做法,故答案为A项。本题考查段落标题。
75. C 解析:根据上一句“You can show your child how to make choices between different brands of a product so that you can save money.” 以及后一句“If he chooses the cheaper brand, allow him to make another purchase with the money saved.” 可知答案为C项。本题考查上下文句际关系。
Passage C 2010年 (辽宁)
I was ten when I first sat with my grandmother behind the cashier(收银台)in her general store. 71 I quickly learned the importance of treating customers politely and saying “thank you.”
At first I was paid in candy. 72 I worked every day after school, and during the summer and on weekends and holidays from 8 a. m. to 7 p. m. My father helped me set up a bank account. 73
By the time I was 12, My grandmother thought I had done such a good job that she promoted me to selling cosmetics(化妆品). I developed the ability to look customers directly in the eye. Even though I was just a kid, women would ask me such things as “What color do you think I should wear?” I took a real interest in their questions and was able to translate what they wanted into makeup(化妆)ideas. 74
The job taught me a valuable lesson: to be a successful salesperson, you didn’t need to be a Rocket scientist―you needed to be a great listener. 75 Except they are no longer women purchasing cosmetics from me; instead, they are kids who tell me which toys they would like to see designed and developed.
A. Later I received 50 cents an hour.
B. Before long, she let me sit there by myself.
C. I ended up selling a record amount of cosmetics.
D. Today I still carry that lesson with me: I listen to customers.
E. My grandma’s trust taught me how to handle responsibility.
F. Soon I found myself looking more beautiful than ever before.
G. Watching my money grow was more rewarding than anything I could have bought.
【语篇解读】少年时代在祖母的商店里工作的经历使我懂得了经商之道:倾听顾客的心声,了解顾客的需求。
71. B 解析:从后一句“I quickly learned the importance of treating customers politely and saying ‘thank you.’ ” 可推知,作者的祖母先让作者跟着她学,然后让作者独立工作,所以他很快学会有礼貌地对待客人的重要性。本题考查上下文句际关系。
72. A 解析:前面有at first,和本项中的later一致。通过连接性词语,可知答案是A。
73. G 解析:根据前一句的“My father helped me set up a bank account. ”可确定答案。
74. C 解析:本题考查上下文句际关系,同样根据前一句确定答案是C。
75. D 解析:上文提到a valuable lesson,这里承接上下文。
参考文献:
[1]《普通高中英语课程标准》
[2]《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》
作者简介:
王来(1968-)男,汉族,唐山市第一中学英语高级教师,河北省英语教学骨干。长期从事英语教学的教研教改工作,成绩突出,多次荣获唐山市教育局嘉奖,唐山市先进教学工作者,高考英语教学成绩突出奖。