With的复合结构给学生造成的困惑及对策

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【摘要】 with的复合结构是高中英语语法的重点和难点，尤其是with后面的宾语补足语是用动词不定式的主动式还是被动式，这给学生带来更大困惑。本文将归纳分析学生在学习with的复合结构困惑，并归纳with的复合结构的用法，以帮助学生更好的理解与运用with的复合结构

【关键词】 with的复合结构 主动式 被动式

1、引入问题

请看下面一道单选题：

With all work __，I don't know if I'll have time to go out。

A.done B.to be done C.to do D.doing

大部分学生看到此题马上就联想到历届的高考题：①（2002上海春季，37）With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly-elected president is having a hard time.②（2005江西，29）With no hope for cure and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor's help to end her life.③（2005湖北，31）They started off late and got to the airport with minutes to spare.于是他们错误地得出结论，凡是with的复合结构中出现的不定式一律用主动式,不能用被动式。

我们知道，在王嘉龄和王占梅主编《英语非谓语动词》不定式一般体中的to在古英语中原其有"朝着……方向"的意义，现在某些场合仍多少保留这一意义，因此不定式一般体常用来表示目的、结果等，其动作常发生或预计要发生在谓语动词的动作之后。当with的复合结构在句子作状语表示原因、时间、条件等时，可以将with去掉，变成独立主格结构形式。

eg.⑴ I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.My mother being ill,I won't be able to go on holiday.

⑵ With spring coming on,trees turn green.Spring coming on,trees turn green.

关于不定式独立结构的逻辑主语，章振邦主编《新编英语语法》解释：不定式能够带有自己的逻辑主语构成独立结构，通常置于句末，用以表示主句动作之后将要发生的事态。例如：We shall assemble at ten forty-five,the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.当不定式结构的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，这个不定式要用被动态。如：The plan was that the two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle,the details to be worked out later.

根据上述语法规则，我们将题干中的with的复合结构中的with去掉，那么就变成all work __，I don't know if I'll have time to go out。显然，不定式结构的逻辑主语是动作的承受者。强调的是所有的工作都完后，我不知道是否将有时间出去，故用不定式的被动式，正确答案是B。再如：（2010四川，阅读理解C）Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees,you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories.句意：与科学家们和技术熟练的员工队伍密切合作，你将管理一小组支持研究的员工（这些员工协助在新的实验室开展的研究活动）。

2、with的复合结构的基本形式：

1）with+名词（或代词）+形容词

eg：（1982全国）He slept well with all the windows open.

2）with+名词（或代词）+副词

Some students like reading with the radio on.

3）with+名词（或代词）+介词短语

eg：（选修7，58页） They sit in small circles in the square, with their babies on their backs, completely uninterested in the tourists!

4）with+名词（或代词）+不定式

eg：（2010浙江,阅读理解E）With so many models to choose from, it seemed that I would have to spend hours weighing X against Y, always trying to take Z and possibly H into account at the same time.

5）with+名词（或代词）+现在分词

(2009四川)With December coming, there's still reconstruction work to be done, so it's difficult to prepare for Christmas.

6）with+名词（或代词）+过去分词

（2010山东）The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already laid for a meal to be cooked.

3、with的复合结构的否定结构：without+复合宾语

eg：（选修6，41页）It would have been impossible to find my daughter without the help of Frinds Reunited.

结语：with的复合结构是英语语言的一种特殊现象，正确使用with的复合结构可以使语言表达更加生动、简洁。在教with的复合结构的句法功能时，重点应放在不定式作宾语补足语是主动式还是被动式，还应该注意过去分词还是现在分词作宾语补足语等方面的区别。在设计教学活动时既要注意with的复合结构的语法概念，句法功能，还要注意它的语用价值。

参考文献

［1］ 王嘉龄 王占梅《英语非谓语动词》商务印书馆

［2］ 章振邦 《新编英语语法》上海译文出版社

［3］ 陈琳 《普通高中课程标准实验教学用书》必修（1-5）选修（6-8）外语教学与研究出版社

［4］ 历届高考英语真题