条件虚拟语气

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英语动词有三种语气： 陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。用来表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议、假设的语气叫虚拟语气。虚拟语气是一个比较困难的语法问题。然而只要我们好好总结一下虚拟语气的构成和用法，那就可以化难为易了。让我们先来学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法。条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用虚拟语气。现将用于三种虚拟语气时态列表如下：

三种if虚拟语气的时态具体用法如下：

1. 与现在事实相反的非真实条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式（be的过去式用were），结果主句的谓语用should（第一人称）或would（第二、三人称）+动词原形。

例如：If I were you, I would finish my homework first. 假如我是你的话，我首先完成家庭作业。

If we left now, we should arrive in time. 假如我们现在就走的话，我们就会及时到达。

2. 与过去事实相反的非真实条件句，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，结果主句的谓语用should（第一人称）或would （第二、三人称）+have+过去分词。

例如：I wouldn’t have known what these were for if I hadn’t been told. 假如别人不告诉我，我就不会知道这些东西是干什么的了。

拓展①：虚拟式were 也可表与过去事实相反。

例如：If I were not busy, I would have come. 假如我不忙，我就会来了。

拓展②：表过去时间的假设亦可用虚拟式“should have+过去分词”。这种虚拟式所表的动作并非完全不可能发生，它只是表示一种偶然性，并常和直陈语气连用。但也可与虚拟语气连用。

例如：You can imagine what would have happened to her if she should have told the truth. 你可以想象，如果她道出了真情，她的遭遇会如何。

拓展③：常用“would have +过去分词”表示与过去事实相反的假设。

例如：If this sleeplessness would have been allowed to go on, she would have collapsed. 这种失眠如果任其发展，她就会垮掉的。

3. 与将来事实可能相反的非真实条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式（be的过去式用were），结果主句用“should （第一人称）或would （第二、三人称）+动词原形”。

例如：If it rained we would stay indoors and watch TV. 如果下雨，我们就待在家里看电视。

If you didn’t call her, she would be angry. 假如你不打电话给她，她会生气的。

拓展①在与将来事实相反的条件句中，其条件从句的谓语亦可用“were to +动词原形”。这种虚拟式比较正式，多用于书面语中。其假想性很强，实现性甚小。

例如：If Mr. Smith were to come, what should we say to him? 假如史密斯先生来了，我们对他说什么呢？

拓展②在与将来事实相反的条件句中，其条件从句的谓语还可以用“should +动词原形”。这种形式并不强调意愿，只强调一种有偶然实现的可能性。

例如：If he should see Beibei, he would know her. 假如他看见蓓蓓，就会认识她。

注意：这种形式往往有不为人所欢迎的含义。

例如：If he should not go there, I should be sad. 他如不去那儿，我就会感到悲伤。

拓展③有时可用would 代替should, 以免与结果主句中的should 重复。

例如：If you would be interested in this stamp, I should be very glad to give it to you. 你如对这张邮票感兴趣，我将高兴地把它送给你。

注意：在这种条件句中，结果主句常用直陈语气或祈使语气。

例如：If you should meet Mary, tell her I want to see her. 假如你见到玛丽，告诉她我要见她。

拓展④关于过去式、“should+动词原形”与“were to+动词原形”这三种虚拟式的可能性大小，一般认为“were to+动词原形”的可能性最小，“should+动词原形”次之，过去式更次之。

例如：If the plane were to leave at noon, it would fly over the city at four p.m. 这架飞机如果中午起飞，下午四点将飞过这座城市。

注意：虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不太可能实现的假设”，而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。

例如：If we caught the early train, we’d get there this evening. 假如我们赶上早班火车，今天晚上我们就会到达那里。

虚拟语气中主、从句的动作发生时间不一致时，我们称为错综虚拟语气。

错综虚拟语气也叫混合虚拟语气，就是从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。

例如：If they had practised speaking English more, they would be able to speak it fluently. 如果他们多练习讲英语，现在就能讲得很流利了。（从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在）

If you had listened to your teacher, you would make great progress now. 如果你当初听了老师的话，现在就会取得很大的进步了。（从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在）

If she had foollowed the doctor’s advice, she would be quite all right now. 如果她当时听医生的话，她现在就会好了。（从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在）

三种含if虚拟语气省略的表达方式如下：

1. 省去主句（常用以表示愿望）

例如：If only I could help you! 假如我能帮你多好啊！

If only the wind would stop! 风要是停了该多好！（事实是：风停的可能性很小。）

2. 省去条件从句

例如：You should （ought to） have studied hard. 你们要是认真学习就好了。（省去了if you wanted to be good students）

3. 在含有if引导的虚拟语气条件句中，可以把if省略，而把谓语当中的should，had或were提前，构成倒装结构。

例如：If Mary were my daughter, I wouldn’t allow her to go to study abroad. =Were Mary my daughter, I wouldn’t allow her to go to study abroad.

If Mary should be my daughter, I wouldn’t allow her to go to study abroad. =Should Mary be my daughter, I wouldn’t allow her to go to stduy abroad. 如果玛丽是我的女儿，我就不让她出国学习。

If I should meet her, I would tell her. =Should I meet her, I would tell her. 要是我见到她的话，我会告诉她的。

即学即练

Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. I am not tired. If I were tired, I ______ （have） a rest.

2. If you had posted the letter, Joan ______ （receive） it last Monday.

3. What would you say or do if someone ______ （call） you a fool?

4. If he ______ （not be） ill, he would have done something to help us.

5. If you had studied hard, you ______ （be） a college student now.

Ⅱ. 将下列句子译成英语。

1. 如果我有更多空余时间，我要开始学拉小提琴。

2. 他谈起日本来，就好像他亲自到过那儿似的。

3. 如果我是你的话，我会更加注意我的英语发音。

4. 要是你那时听我的劝告，你就不会犯这样的错误了。

5. 今天天气真好。如果天气不好，就不能学做新操了。

Keys： Ⅰ. 1. should（would） have 2. would have received 3. called 4. had not been 5. would be

Ⅱ. 1. If I had more spare time, I would begin to learn to play the violin.

2. He talks about Japan as if he had been there himself.

3. If I were you, I should （would） pay more attention to my English pronunciation.

4. If you had taken my advice then, you wouldn’t have made such a mistake.

5. It’s fine today. If it were not fine, we would not learn to do new morning exercises.