Analysis of the process of the development and the cause of the restrictions of

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Abstract. In the global " association revolution" driven by the wave , as Russia's economic growth, political and social transition , the Russian civil society also will gradually grow up , as a sign of the core development of civil society groups in the community began to flourish in Russia , the number of increasing, expanding the scope of activities , played a significant role. Based on the development of Russian society groups research , the development of the Russian social groups during the reign of the main course is divided into four periods according to Gorbachev during the administration of the embryonic period, during the reign of Boris Yeltsin 's initial development period , during the administration of Vladimir Putin period of prosperity during the reign of Dmitry Medvedev and the stable development period. And analysis of the traditional political culture, the reality of economic and social

Both in the West or the East, with the market economy and prosperity, a large number of various social groups and developed. Russia as a country in transition, social organizations have gradually developed. In accordance with Russia July 25, 2002 the latest revision of the Russian social organizations law , " the interests of social groups which, under the same principle to unite the citizens of motion , in order to achieve social groups charter the overall objective of the establishment of voluntary , self-management non-commercial organization” . [1]

1. The process of the development of a Russian social group

It's composed of the process of the development of a Russian social group from 4 stages mainly. The sprout stage of the period of Gorbachev's consul, the elementary development stage of Yeltsin’s consul, the development stage of the prosperity in consul's period of Putin and the development stage of the stability of Medvedev's term.

(1)The time when Gorbachev takes office

Russia's first real social groups should appear in the former Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev during the administration of long-term centralized rule in the Soviet Union era , the ruling party and state control of everything, bureaucratic state to bear almost all of the social function , the lack of social groups throughout the Soviet Union, the basis for development of natural Russia as the former Soviet Union republics , independent of the state is non-existent social groups. After Gorbachev came to power , in order to consolidate his position , made a number of political and social reforms. said" Play worker initiative and independent spirit of the economic and social spheres as well as the management of the breadth of the possibility of democratization.” To nurture and guide the people of the Soviet Union socialist reform, creativity and responsibility , to encourage them from the direct control of the Communist Party for political participation, and allow them without the guidance of the party and participate in the organization can establish an informal group.Which covers a wide range of types of " social organizations " have been established , of which the " Popular Front " as the representative of various civic organizations, voluntary organizations sudden rise and rapid growth. Some of them later developed for the Russian is now better-known social groups , such as Russia, ecological and environmental protection organizations. It can be said that Russia's social group is the " Gorbachev reform" of social life during the implementation of the "democratization" of the product. However, the establishment of these organizations does not mean that there is a "mature civil society" , when they have not been given legal status , is still weak, " Fragmented , not enough to constitute the political arena as the interaction and relationships as part of the political activities of the arena is still seen as political parties - the state 's scope of authority , of course ." [2] So Gorbachev came to power in Russia is only a small number of social groups , is weak and lacks the necessary legitimacy , should belong to social groups, the initial embryonic stage of development.

(2)The time when Yeltsin takes office

Russia's independence , Yeltsin in charge of the Russian regime , the Government passed a number of legislation on the protection of existing social groups and norms , and encourage the development of Russia's social organization. Russian Federation in January 1991 and December passed a resolution declaring that " the Soviet Union jointly organized by the community law " applies to the whole territory of the Russian Federation , which is the establishment of social groups provide a legal basis。

April 1995 adopted the " Organic Law of the Russian Federation Social Union ," its article 3 stipulates that Russian citizens have the right to their own wishes , and without organs of state power and local self-government authorities prior approval , the establishment of social syndication. Russian citizens have the right to comply with its articles of association of the basis of the joint organization of society. Which also includes political parties, social organizations , trade unions , women's , youth organizations , political parties, social movements , including the nature of a social and political movements. [3] In 1995 the Russian State Duma adopted the "NGO Law" , promulgated in 1996 and the " non-profit organization law ," the promulgation of these laws established the legitimacy of the status of non-governmental organizations. During the Yeltsin administration, social organizations, legal and policy environment greatly improved , the Russian social groups have also developed rapidly , the public assembly and to freedom of association and the right to continue expanding. In 1993, federal and local judicial institutions in the social group registration number 50,000 , the summer of 1997 to 66,000. [4] By 1998 the development of Russian social groups in the volumes to 150,000. [5] Only in Novosibirsk, published in the mid 1990s, there are 400 non-governmental organizations, to reach 1800 in 1999. [6] As we all know, throughout the Soviet period , not subject to state control of social activities and public welfare is almost non-existent , non-political and non-state civil society is almost a blank field , taking into account this factor , the Russian independent non-governmental organizations development speed is very fast. [2].

(3)The time when Putin takes office

Putin's 2000-2008 president during the Russia in the political , economic, and military strength are considerable upgrade , Putin has taken a series designed to foster awareness of the citizens of Russia , the establishment of top-down political and legal security system, measures to promote Russia's social groups with the economic recovery grow up. Putin stressed that the development of social organizations to promote the role of democracy , advocating social groups and between the federal government policy makers to establish a cooperative relationship. In 2001, Vladimir Putin summoned the seven special presidential envoy Federal District , urging them to promote civil society development and to encourage the development of social groups.all the democratic achievements of our people will be protected , and we will not stop what had been achieved , we will strengthen multi-party system we will strengthen civil society, every effort to ensure media freedom .” January 10, 2006 , the Russian State Duma and Federation Council of Russia adopted and promulgated the Russian Federation " to modify a number of legal documents for the Russian Federation Law" No. 18 , to modify part of the Russian federal law , focusing on changes enacted in 1995 , " Social Union organization Law, " enacted in 1996 and the" non-profit organization law.” Development of social groups is easy, Putin took a series of measures and systems , top-down development of social groups, social groups Russia entered a period of prosperity and development.

(4)The time when Medvedev takes office

Medvedev times people pay more attention to the interaction between society and the State. In 2008, Medvedev had said that our society in the public suffering , conflict nearly 20 years, but today it has become a political life is an important part , this is an indisputable fact ; in the future , it should be our stable fundamental to development. The enactment of " Anti-Corruption Act" highlighted the role of social groups , social groups with the requirements of the fight against corruption , the Government continues to focus on the process of democracy and the rule they play an important dynamic role. State of the Union in 2009, Medvedev again stressed: " welfare state , non-commercial organizations to help solve complex social problems , we will continue to support their work and some non-commercial organizations engaged in public welfare activities , to help citizens without social security , further amendments to the legislation will streamline their procedures for this end , we must first introduce non-commercial organization of social systems . to obtain the corresponding qualifications can be obtained directly from the national organization 's support organs of state power to give such financial and non-commercial organization , information to help not only these , but also give them a significant tax incentives , the allocation of state and government procurement , transfer of materials to engage in public welfare activities for its.” Medvedev during the administration of state policies on social groups and institutions has been improved to improve and develop the corresponding groups of Russian society into a stable period of development..

2. Problems in Russian society groups

The development of Russian society organizations can be summarized as instantly appear, rapid transformation, country-driven, but it is these factors make the development of social groups in Russia there were many problems.

(1) The constraints of traditional Russian political culture

Western social groups the right to appear in highly decentralized political culture and political liberalization produced on the basis of the capitalist countries experienced a Renaissance , the Reformation , the Enlightenment and scientific revolution, reform movement , and allows the public to an structures are completely different political rights organization formed the Western capitalist society groups. And the West than a century the development of social groups , social groups, Russia is the country's rapid transition in power from top to bottom by the State to promote and establish. Although the form on the surface similar to the West , but its foundation is Russia's domestic political culture . Russia's traditional village culture and the former Soviet Union , " centralized " control the height restriction , so that Russia's lack of democratic political culture in the composition , the development of individual consciousness is not fully independent , and there is a strong dependence. The kind of huge Russian commune under centralized authoritarian social structure has been extended to 1917 , then the Soviet Union has been pursuing a high degree of centralization , the ruling party controls all power , the state bear all the social functions of the Russian people to form the inherent the concept of state , and the form of absolute rule people's spiritual world . This long-term accumulation of the Russian people under the dependent -type character seriously hampered the development of Russian society groups.

(2) Russia's real economic situation of the constraints

The former Soviet Union , Russia to pursue neo-liberal strategy , trying through the " shock therapy " to speed up the privatization process , from the planned economy 's rapid transition to a market economy . But it has led to economic collapse , weakening of state control , decreased social self-discipline , social unrest , rampant crime and other social and economic problems. In the 1990s, Russia plunged into history's greatest socio-economic crisis, its economy fell sharply. From Russia to see the country's economic growth in 1989 , Russia 's GDP is twice that of China is strong, but in 10 years China's GDP is only 1 / 3. Economic and social development in Russia in the 1990s introduced a " shock therapy " type of system transformation , not only destroyed the economic base of the former Soviet Union of the original ;After 1996 , with the neo-liberal strategy of reflection and adjustment , by strengthening state intervention to reverse the tendency of excessive economic liberalization , privatization slowed down the speed , adjust the domestic and foreign policies . Gradually strengthen the Russian state control, social order has also been greatly improved, and the rapid economic growth , rising levels of social self-regulation. Social groups, although the basis for economic and social development has been greatly improved, but with the strengthening of state control , but also limits the space for the development of social groups , President Putin proposed a " controlled democracy" , to strengthen the state's media and a series of measures to control public opinion , in essence, is a relatively new form of centralized political system , the objective constraints on the development of social groups.

(3) Russia's role in social groups of the constraints of their own negative

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union , Russia will social groups as "civil society" to be the main support, and community groups with Western capital, technology and experience to promote social transformation , Western society groups directly or indirectly, into Russia , in the social and economic development of Russia play an active role in promoting , but also exposed a lot of negative effects. By social groups in Western countries interfering in Russia 's internal affairs, the Russian political influence , and even national security and stability to Russia posed a certain threat. Some Western social groups on the surface is an independent body , but in fact the interests of the perpetrators of the West .Ford Foundation activities in Russia directly supported by the U.S. State Department , as U.S. intelligence agencies to collect information on all aspects of the tools Russia. Western countries, the use of social groups in Georgia, Ukraine and other CIS countries to launch the "color revolutions" successful, again directed directly to Russia, the use of various social groups secretly supported the Russian opposition , waiting for an opportunity in Russia again " color revolution .” U.S. National Democratic Institute and International Republican Institute of the CIS "color revolution" of the main organizer of the information according to the Russian master : these studies have placed U.S. intelligence personnel , whose main task is to collect the Russian political situation information and foster pro-American forces to stimulate the manufacturing revolution. At the same time with the Russian youth organizations , women's groups to strengthen ties to the Russian young people to instill Western political ideas and values , made in Russia for the future "revolution" reserve army training.[8]

(4) Russian public's trust in the constraints of social groups

Social groups, the public state of the core indicators of social development , and public trust in social groups and participation determines the quality of a country's development of social groups , although the Russian government to encourage and promote the building of social groups , more and more social groups efforts to attract public attention and strengthen public education , encouraging people to participate in social welfare undertakings , but the effect is not satisfactory , the Russian people will participate in social organizations is still weak , the degree of trust in social groups remains low. Foundation for Russian public opinion in June 2001 for 15,000 residents in urban and rural Russia did poll, only 5 % of people believe that social groups have a positive effect ; 73% of people do not want to work for social groups ; only 15 % of people are willing to work for social groups. 80% -90 % of Russians do not want to participate in any voluntary organization . Russian coverage of social groups less than 1 %. It can be seen , the Russian social groups have not been able to expand influence among the people and gain their acceptance and support, but also failed to attract them to actively participate in social groups to work.

References

[1] The network of social organizations in China,www.chinanpo.省略/web/showBulltetin.do?id=22310&dictionid=1631

[2]Huangdeng Xue The lack of "citizen" citizen society: from NGOs to degree “The Russian Central Asian East European Studies" 2007 the first period

[3] "Russian Federal Social Coalition organization law" in April 14, 1995 through May 25, 1995, contained in "the Russian newspaper”.

[4] Marcia A. Weigle. On the Road to the Civic Forum:State and Civil Society fromYelstin to Putin[M]. Demokratizati-sya, Spring 2002, Vol.10, Issue2

[5] 〔Russia〕George E?Hudson?Civil Society in Russia:Models and Prospects for theDevelopment[M].TheRussianReview, April2003,Vol?62, Issue2）

[6]Tianchun Sheng, From the new liberalism theory of Russia "shock therapy" policy and the reasons for failure, Studies on world socialism "dynamic" 2004 14-15 period

[7]Shiou Ya, Russian NGOs, International data information,2007,Issue8