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鼓励学生质疑求异,奏响“有效教学”协奏曲

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摘 要:新的教育要求在教学过程中要体现“学生为主体,教师为主导,训线为主线,思维为核心”的教学思想,尊重学生的人格及创造精神,把教学的重心和立足点转移到引导学生主动积极地“学”上来,引导学生想学、会学、善学。因此,英语教师要根据各个知识点之间的联系,引导学生对所学知识进行组合,使学生能多角度、多方位地思考问题,进行发散性的质疑求异思维,以获得生动、活泼、独立、主动的发展,这样才能奏响“有效教学”的协助曲。

关键词:质疑;求异思维;思维定式;有效教学

爱因斯坦说:“提出一个问题比解决一个问题更重要。”亚里士多德也曾说:“思维是从疑问惊奇开始的。”疑是思维的开端,是创造的基础。其实,所谓“学问”,就是学习和发问。可以说,学习的过程是围绕一个“疑”字展开的,有疑才产生问题,有问才引人深思,这就是“学则须疑”的意义之所在。因此,我们在课堂教学中,不但要把“释疑”作为天职,更应鼓励学生独立思考,敢于“say No”,大胆质疑,标新立异,让学生多侧面、多角度地思考问题,用与众不同的方法质疑、解惑,激发他们的求知欲望和探索热情,培养学生的质疑求异思维。

一、巧设问题疑境,培养学生质疑求异能力

发问是培养学生思维能力的有效途径。巧妙的发问可以启发想象,开阔思路,引导创新。因此,在英语教学实践中,教师要善于用提问的方式把学生思维的导火线很好地点燃起来,不断给学生以思维的动机和空间,处处设疑、激疑,使学生展开思维的翅膀,由过去机械接受向主动探索发展,培养学生的质疑能力。如在学习牛津英语模块一Unit3《Looking good, feeling good》这一单元时,我提出了以下问题:①Are there any people around you who need to lose some weight?②Which do you think is more important, looking

good or feeling good ?③How will you keep healthy in the future after

learning the text?让全体学生展开讨论,摆脱束缚,自由发挥,以培养他们的求异思维。又如在学习完课文《The necklace》后,我通过以下问题让学生谈谈自己的见解和看法:What do you think of Mathilde?What kind of people is she?Do you think honesty is very important?Why or why not?这样,学生就会进行积极思维,提出自己的意见和看法。有部分同学对Mathilde这个人物进行了“标新立异”的评价。有同学认为:Mathilde was beautiful, but she married a poor and little clerk. It was unfair. She could have lived a much happier life. It was not wrong of her to ask for an evening dress and jewelry. It suggested that she respected others. 还有人认为:She was honest and dependable. She tried every possible means to borrow money and bought a necklace which was exactly like Jeanne’s in order not to hurt her friend. 甚至还有人认为:She was hardworking. She worked day and night for ten years to pay back the money. This was where her virtue lay. 学生表现出来的往往是多向性思维,这种多向性思维正是各具特点的个性反映,其中蕴含着一种怀疑与探索精神。对于这种思维苗头,一般不要轻易否定与扼杀,而应正确引导,想方设法启发学生多角度、多层次思维,鼓励学生大胆想象,勇于创新。

二、帮助学生质疑解惑,激活学生的求异思维

“学成于思,思源于疑。”心理学家把发现疑难看成是“思维”的路标、“创造”的基石。在英语教学中,教师应引导学生自我“设疑――析疑――释疑”,使学生在质疑问难中真正确立在学习过

程中的主体地位。因为学生自己发现并提出的问题,更能激起学生的探求欲望,也更能激活思维和课堂气氛。而活跃的课堂气氛又能使不同水平的学生积极参与探究学习,无拘无束地发表自己的见解,使课堂教学真正做到面向全体学生。如在学完牛津英语模块一Unit3《Looking good, feeling good》后,我又找了一篇关于中国饮食的阅读材料供学生阅读。当时有一名学生针对文中的“The Chinese diet is considered to be the healthiest in the world”提了这

么一个问题:“Many Chinese people eat wild animals’ meat. Is such a kind of diet the healthiest in the world?”其实,有些同学也有同感,只是不敢发问。这时,我便抓住这个机会把问题留给学生,让他们对这个问题展开讨论。经过激烈讨论,师生达成共识:“The

Chinese common or family diet is, of course, the healthiest in the world. However, the diet which contains wild animals’ meat can’t be considered healthy, and it goes against nature.”同时,我还表扬了提出这个问题的同学,并鼓励学生在平时的生活中要多观察,多思考。又如在讲到句子I will tell you all that he told me.时,教师通常对学生解释all that=what,故此句可替换为I will tell you what he told me.但我们有一个同学提出I will tell you all what he told me.也是正确的,这时all作you 的同位语。对于这位同学的多角度分析应给予赞扬,并鼓励学生积极启动思维,学生们还会大胆地创造性地说出I will tell you everything he told me. I will tell you both what he told me. 等句子。因此,要让学生质疑问难,首先要帮助学生质疑解惑,树立学生质疑的信心,切不可轻易否定学生,更不可用“钻牛角尖”“多此一举,自作聪明”等话语中伤学生,扼杀学生的创造性思维。

三、引导学生打破思维定式,培养学生的求异思维

定式的思维不利于学生发挥想象。打破思维定式,才能让学生广开思路,发挥想象。打破思维定式,就是用可变角度去思考问题,用新的思路解决问题,使思维灵活而富有创造性。通过下面这个句子,可以引导学生从不同的角度去思维从而得出不同的结论:

I met the girl in the classroom.在这个句子中,如果把in the classroom当作状语,其意思为“我在教室里遇到了那个女孩”。如果把其当作the girl的定语,则意为“我遇到了教室里的那个女孩”。所以,思考问题的角度不同,得出的结论也就不一样。在平时的习题教学中,可以这样训练学生的求异思维,如:先让学生用定式的思维完成下列两道题:

(1)We were all looking forward to from you at that time.

A.hear B.hearing

C.heard D.have heard

(2) to all that paper was first made in China.

A.It’s known B.As is known

C.What is known D.That is known

之后,让学生打破原来的思维定式,解答下列三题:

(3)The present you are looking forward to by your

father.

A.being given B.will be given

C.giving D.have been given

(4) ,paper was first made in China.

A.It’s known to all

B.As is known to all

C.What is known to all

D.That is known to all

(5)What is known to all paper was first made in

China.

A.is B.that

C.\ D.is that

参考文献:

[1]桂诗春.应用语言学.长沙:湖南教育出版社,1988.

[2]李玉陈.英语教学新思路.济南:山东友谊出版社,1988.

[3]王振宏,刘萍.动机因素、学习策略、智力水平对学生学业成就的影响.心理学报,2000(1).

[4]张登乾.培养良好习惯 发展学生语言能力[J].中小学英语教学与研究,2007(9).

(作者单位 江苏省扬州市宝应县水高级中学)